TOK Vocab

 

TOK:-

Vocabulary:-

1.SUBJECTIVITY

The quality of being based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.

 2. OBJECTIVITY

The quality of being objective.

 3. INDUCTIVE REASONING

Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some

evidence, but not full assurance, of the truth of the conclusion.

 4. DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, is the process of reasoning from one or more statements

to reach a logical conclusion. Deductive reasoning goes in the same direction as that of the

conditionals, and links premises with conclusions.

 5. METACOGNITION

Metacognition refers to “thinking about thinking”. Metacognition is the knowledge you have of your own cognitive processes (your thinking).It is your ability to control your thinking processes through various strategies, such as organizing, monitoring, and adapting. Additionally, it is your ability to reflect upon the tasks or processes you undertake and to select and utilize the appropriate strategies necessary in your intercultural interactions. Metacognition is considered a critical component of successful learning. It involves self-regulation and self-reflection of strengths, weaknesses, and the types of strategies you create.

 6. SHARED KNOWLEDGE

Shared knowledge is assembled by a group of people. By participating in the ownership of shared

knowledge, an individual belongs to a particular group possessing a particular perspective on the

world.

 7. PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE

Knowledge that is not shared i.e. the knowledge only one person has. The knowledge is gathered in

many ways and is not communicated or not accepted by the society even if it is communicated.

 8. ASSERTION

It is a linguistic act that is spoken or written and that has a truth value.

 9. TRUTH VALUE

It is the state of being true, false or indeterminate.

 10. PROPOSITION

It is a statement or assertion that expresses a judgement or opinion. It is the content of an assertion

and can be thought of as the packaging of an assertion.

 11. PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDE

It is the attitude of the speaker of a proposition.

 12. BELIEF

It is the propositional attitude of truth that an agent has towards a proposition.

 13. KNOWLEDGE (OLD DEFINITION)

Knowledge is a justified true belief.

 14. THE GETTIER PROBLEM

Gettier problems or cases are named in honor of the American philosopher Edmund Gettier, who discovered them in 1963. They function as challenges to the philosophical tradition of defining knowledge of a proposition as justified true belief in that proposition. The problems are actual or possible situations in which someone has a belief that is both true and well supported by evidence, yet which — according to almost all epistemologists — fails to be knowledge.

 15. COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

The coherence theory holds that truth consists in coherence amongst our beliefs.

 16. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

It is true if it agrees with the natural world.

 17. PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH

A Pragmatic Theory of Truth holds (roughly) that a proposition is true if it is useful to believe.

 18. UTILITARIANISM

It is the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

 19. ACT UTILITARIANISM

According to act-utilitarianism, it is the value of the consequences of the particular act that counts when determining whether the act is right. Bentham's theory is act-utilitarian, and so is that of J.J.C.Smart.

 20. RULE UTILITARIANISM

The principle of utility in rule-utilitarianism is to follow those rules which will result in the greatest

good for the greatest number of people.

21. DIVINE COMMAND THEORY

Divine Command Theory is the view that morality is somehow dependent upon God, and that moral

obligation consists in obedience to God’s commands. Divine Command Theory includes the claim

that morality is ultimately based on the commands or character of God, and that the morally right

action is the one that God commands or requires.

 22. KANTIAN ETHICS

Kantian ethics are a set of universal moral principles that apply to all human beings, regardless of

context or situation. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, calls the principles Categorical Imperatives, which are defined by their morality and level of freedom.

 23. CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES

Categorical imperative, in the ethics of the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant,

founder of critical philosophy, a rule of conduct that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the

validity or claim of which does not depend on any desire or end.    

24. EQUIVOCATION

Equivocation is an informal fallacy resulting from the use of a particular word or an expression in multiple senses within an argument. It is a type of ambiguity that stems from a phrase having two or more distinct meanings, not from the grammar or structure of the sentence. The use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself to something.

 25.INDOCTRINATION

Indoctrination is the process of inculcating a person with ideas, attitudes, cognitive strategies or professional methodologies. The process of teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically. Teaching or delivering a set of instructions.